15^th Annual Congress on Gastroenterology & Hepatology August 20-21, 2021 London, UK

Our GI tract, together with our liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, make up our digestive system. An extensive network of blood vessels supply blood to these organs and also transport nutrients away to other organs in the body. Nerves and hormones work together to regulate the functioning of the digestive system and bacteria that reside within our GI tract (called our gut flora or microbiome) play a role in digestion, immunity, and our overall health. A membranous sac called the peritoneum holds all the digestive system organs in place.

A number of different conditions or diseases can affect the GI tract and have an impact on digestion and/or our overall health. Some conditions have similar symptoms, and further medical investigations may be required before a doctor arrives at a diagnosis. Common gastrointestinal disorders include

Pregnancy is characterized by numerous physiological changes that may lead to a diversity of symptoms and frequently to gastrointestinal complaints, such as heartburn, nausea and vomiting, or constipation. Chronic gastrointestinal diseases require treatment maintenance during this period, raising the challenging question whether outcomes beneficial to the mother may be harmful for the fetus. In addition, certain diseases, such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy, only develop during pregnancy and may require urgent procedures, such as fetus delivery. Even though they are not present in our day-to-day practice, knowledge of pregnancy-related diseases is fundamental and collaboration between gastroenterologists and obstetricians is often necessary. Herein, we review pregnancy-related diseases and systematize the most appropriate treatment choices according to the recent literature and guidelines, so that the article can serve as a guide to the gastroenterologist regarding the medical approach to pregnancy-related gastrointestinal and liver diseases and their therapeutic management.

A child isn’t a small adult and should never be treated as one. Children’s bodies undergo continuous growth and their medical needs are quite unique. Not just that, they are different from adults in the way they express their concerns as well. They will be unable to properly answer medical questions and are likely to be uncooperative and anxious. At Apollo Cradle and Children’s Hospital, we understand that and make sure your child gets the best care.If your child is suffering from issues like constipation, vomiting, and reflux, we recommend you consult with our expert gastroenterologist. Paediatric nutrition and gastroenterology experts provide outpatient and inpatient care for children having problems with their digestive tract.There isn’t a better place than Apollo Cradle and Children’s Hospital for diagnosing and treating gastrointestinal diseases and illnesses in children. Our gastroenterology team is completely committed to the patients and is dedicated to providing the best possible treatments.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection occurs when H. pylori bacteria infect your stomach. This usually happens during childhood. A common cause of peptic ulcers, H. pylori infection may be present in more than half the people in the world.Most people don't realize they have H. pylori infection, because they never get sick from it. If you develop signs and symptoms of a peptic ulcer, your doctor will probably test you for H. pylori infection. If you have H. pylori infection, it can be treated with antibiotics.

Gastric bypass and other weight-loss surgeries — known collectively as bariatric surgery — involve making changes to your digestive system to help you lose weight. Bariatric surgery is done when diet and exercise haven't worked or when you have serious health problems because of your weight. Some procedures limit how much you can eat. Other procedures work by reducing the body's ability to absorb nutrients. Some procedures do both.While bariatric surgery can offer many benefits, all forms of weight-loss surgery are major procedures that can pose serious risks and side effects. Also, you must make permanent healthy changes to your diet and get regular exercise to help ensure the long-term success of bariatric surgery.

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  Gut-associated mucosal tissue (GALT)


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  Autoimmune liver diseases


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  Autoimmune pancreatitis


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  Gastrointestinal microbiota

Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition the team of pediatric gastroenterologists, hepatologists, dietitians, clinicians and nurses is dedicated to helping children with common or complex gastrointestinal, liver and nutritional problems. The goals of the Gastroenterology Division are to provide outstanding medical care to persons with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, to train gastroenterology and to perform cutting-edge biomedical research to improve our understanding of digestive diseases.

An inflammatory condition of the liver is Hepatitis. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection,there are other possible causes of Hepatitis. These include auto immune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. When your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue Autoimmune hepatitis occurs. Viral infections of the liver that are classified include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Taking a sample of tissue from your liver is an invasive procedure called liver biopsy which allows your doctor to determine how infection or inflammation has affected your liver. In the early treatment of autoimmune hepatitis  corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide, are extremely important.

The liver is responsible for many critical functions within the body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. If it becomes diseased or injured, the loss of those functions can cause significant damage to the body. There are over 100 different forms of liver disease that affect men, women and children. These diseases include cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Epstein Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and iron overload (hemochromatosis). The main symptoms of liver imbalance include weakness and fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and yellow discolouration of the skin (jaundice)

Liver imaging is basically for precise diagnosing biliary tract issue and is imperative for identifying liver injuries or damage and patients with a suspected malignancy is important because the liver is the common site of metastatic spread and those who are at the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.

Gastrointestinal immunology deals with the immune reaction of the gastrointestinal tract to the external stimulus. Failure in responding is important as it deals with the function of gastrointestinal tract system. This field of science is rendering a new scope in development in terms of research. The latest developments in organ transplantation of the liver and gut is example for the progress in treatment of gastrointestinal immunology

Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver. Gastrointestinal pathology (including liver, gallbladder and pancreas) is a recognized sub-specialty discipline of surgical pathology. Recognition of a sub-specialty is generally related to dedicated fellowship training offered within the subspecialty or, alternatively, to surgical pathologists with a special interest and extensive experience in gastrointestinal pathology.`

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma continues to increase in the Western population. While outcomes of patients with early esophageal adenocarcinoma has improved significantly, largely due to endoscopic eradication therapies and minimally invasive surgery, the 5-year survival rates for advanced cases remains dismal. Barrett’s esophagus is the only precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the last decade has seen significant improvements and innovations in this field.

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. Cirrhosis occurs in response to damage to your liver. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function. Cirrhosis occurs in response to damage to your liver. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function which include Fluid accumulation in your abdomen (ascites), Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy), Testicular atrophy in men, Breast enlargement in men. Cirrhosis can also cause portal hypertension, Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly)

Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas — an organ in your abdomen that lies horizontally behind the lower part of your stomach. Your pancreas releases enzymes that aid digestion and hormones that help manage your blood sugar.Pancreatic cancer typically spreads rapidly to nearby organs. It is seldom detected in its early stages. But for people with pancreatic cysts or a family history of pancreatic cancer, some screening steps might help detect a problem early. One sign of pancreatic cancer is diabetes, especially when it occurs with weight loss, jaundice or pain in the upper abdomen that spreads to the back.

The evaluation of pancreatic diseases can be difficult due to the inaccessibility of the pancreas. There are multiple methods to evaluate the pancreas. Initial tests of the pancreas include a physical examination, which is difficult since the pancreas is deep in the abdomen near the spine. Blood tests are often helpful in determining whether the pancreas is involved in a specific symptom but may be misleading. The best radiographic tests to evaluate the structure of the pancreas include CAT (computed tomography) scan, endoscopic ultrasound, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Tests to evaluate the pancreatic ducts include ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and MRCP(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). There are also instances in which surgical exploration is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden attack causing inflammation of the pancreas and is usually associated with severe upper abdominal pain. The pain may be severe and last several days. Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating, and fever. In the United States, the most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstones. Other causes include chronic alcohol consumption, hereditary conditions, trauma, medications, infections, electrolyte abnormalities, high lipid levels, hormonal abnormalities, or other unknown causes. The treatment is usually supportive with medications showing no benefit. Most patients with acute pancreatitis recover completely.

Gastrointestinal surgery is a treatment for diseases of the parts of the body involved in digestion. This includes the esophagus (ee-sof-uh-gus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It also includes the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.Surgery may be used to remove a cancerous or noncancerous growth or damaged part of the body, such as the intestine. It may also be used to repair a problem like a hernia (a hole or weak spot in the wall of the abdomen). Minor surgical procedures are used to screen and diagnose problems of the digestive system.Below are gastrointestinal conditions that may be treated with surgery.

The Intestinal Rehabilitation Program is the latest treatments to help your child’s intestine work well if affected by disease (like short bowel syndrome), injury or a surgery that removed part of it. With recent advances in diet, medicine and surgery, we have greatly reduced the need for intestine organ transplants in children. Intestinal rehabilitation is the process of gradually restoring the intestine’s ability to digest food and absorb nutrients. This is done through diet, medicines and surgery other than organ (intestine) transplant. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a complete form of nutrition given into the blood through a vein (intravenously) by a central line placed in the child’s chest, neck or groin.

Liver disease is associated with many ED complaints: abdominal pain, vomiting, shortness of breath, altered mental status, GI bleeding, and even nonspecific malaise can all be attributed to malfunction of the liver.Globally, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E are major public health problems

Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver.The main purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is the transport of food and the absorption of nutrients. Many pathologic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract impair either or both of these functions. The gastrointestinal tract, and especially the colon, is a common site of malignancy. The two main symptoms related to pathology of the gastrointestinal tract are abdominal pain and gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

Digestive diseases are disorders of the digestive tract, which is sometimes called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.In digestion, food and drink are broken down into small parts (called nutrients) that the body can absorb and use as energy and building blocks for cells.The digestive tract is made up of the esophagus (food tube), stomach, large and small intestines, liver, pancreas, and the gallbladder.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs most often in people with chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer, is higher in people with long-term liver diseases. It's also higher if the liver is scarred by infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in people who drink large amounts of alcohol and who have an accumulation of fat in the liver.

Liver inflammation due to a viral infection is viral hepatitis. In acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic forms it may be present.The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic virus hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E. In addition to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses which can also cause liver inflammation includes cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and yellow fever. 52 cases of viral hepatitis caused by herpes simplex virus until 1997. To prevent or treat the most common types we have an opportunity. By vaccination Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but it is expensive.

A liver biopsy is a procedure in which a small needle is inserted into the liver to collect a tissue sample. This is performed as an office or outpatient procedure or during surgery. The tissue is then analyzed in a laboratory to help doctors diagnose a variety of diseases and disorders in the liver. In most instances, there are no complications in obtaining a liver biopsy. However, rarely internal bleeding may occur, as well as a leak of bile from the liver or gallbladder.